PART
A : WORD CLASSES
In
learning English Language we must know about the language and the grammar as
well since both of them are closely connected. Being an expert in grammar help
us to be a better speaker.
Word classes or also known as parts of speech
can be divided to nine different classes
- Nouns
- Pronouns
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Determiners
- Prepositions
- Conjunctions
- Interjections
- Verbs
Definition
of Pronouns
What
is actually meant by pronouns? Pronoun is a word that is used to replace nouns
and pronoun refers to something that has been mentioned earlier.
Term
of pronoun
Pronoun
or ‘pro+noun’ which refers to people,places,things or ideas in general whose
identity was mentioned earlier.
Rule
of pronouns
Pronouns
must be agree with the noun that it replaces in terms of the number and gender
of the noun.
The
important of pronouns
To
avoid repetition of nouns in a sentence
Types
of Pronouns
1)Personal
pronouns
-refers to the speaker or writer
Function: subject
pronouns
-the doer of the action
|
Function: object
pronouns
-refers to the person
whom the action of the
verb affects.
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Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
First-person pronoun
|
I
|
We
|
Me
|
Us
|
Second-person pronoun
|
You
|
You
|
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Third-person pronoun
|
He
|
They
|
Him
|
Them
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She
|
Her
|
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It
|
It
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Examples of sentences
|
He was a handsome man.
She is a good student in
her school.
|
She asked me to help her
in her Maths.
Jojie loves you very
much.
|
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2)Possessive
pronouns.
-2 types of possessive pronouns
Sometimes
posssessive pronoun is classsify as adjective if a noun follows the possessive
pronoun :My house located next to our English teacher’s house.
·
‘Its’ cannot be assume as a possessive pronoun
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
First-person pronoun
|
Mine
|
Ours
|
Second-person pronoun
|
Yours
|
|
Third-person pronoun
|
His
|
Theirs
|
Hers
|
||
Examples of sentences
|
That car is mine.
Is that yours?
This was my fault, not
theirs.
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|
3)Reflexive
pronouns
-reflexive refers to the subject which is
mentioned in the sentence
-When to use reflexive pronouns: when the
subject and the object are same
To emphasize the subject.
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
First-person pronoun
|
Myself
|
Ourselves
|
Second-person pronoun
|
Yourself
|
Yourselves
|
Third-person pronoun
|
Himself
|
Themselves
|
Herself
|
||
Itself
|
||
Examples of sentences
|
She did it herself.
He should be proud of
himself
|
They organised the party
themselves.
|
4)Demonstrative
pronouns
-refers to a specific person, place or
thing.
Singular
|
Plural
|
This
|
These
|
That
|
Those
|
Examples:
This is my father.
These are my course mates.
5)Indefinite
pronouns
-refers to nonspecific people, places or
things.
-it is vague.
-tips to know whether the indefinite
pronoun used is singular or plural is by looking to the
verb that is used.
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
or Plural
|
Another
|
Both
|
All
|
Anybody
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Few
|
Any
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Anyone
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Many
|
Enough
|
Anything
|
Others
|
Half
|
Each
|
Several
|
More
|
Either
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Most
|
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Everybody
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None
|
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Everyone
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Some
|
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Everything
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Little
|
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Much
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Neither
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Nobody
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No one
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Nothing
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One
|
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Other
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Somebody
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||
Someone
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||
Something
|
Examples
of sentences: Everyone is listening to the music.
Both of
them are dancing gracefully.
Half
bottle of the sugar is used to make the sweet cake.
6)Reciprocal
Pronouns
-express a mutual relationship between the
subject and the object or between two or more
people which are acting in the same way
towards the other.
Each
other
· Used when the group consist
of two people
·
Informal conversation
|
One
another
·
Used when the group consist of
more than two people
·
Formal conversation
|
Examples of sentences: They are talking to
each other.
They
are challenging one another
7)Relative
pronouns
-to indicate and describe the person or
thing you are talking about.
-used in complex sentences
Who
·
To describe the person who did
the action or to state
which person
is in a certain state.
·
Example :The girl who has a ponytail
hair is my
classmate.
|
Whom
·
To ask which person that is affected
by the action
done.
·
Example :That is the girl whom yell
to me when I
accidentally step
on her long dress.
|
Whose
·
To tell about the owner of something
or to know which
person
something belongs to
·
Example: Patient whose doctor is
friendly to them tend
to has a shorter
time to heal.
|
Which
·
To refer to something that has been mentioned earlier in order to give
further information about something.
·
Example : The huge bag which is red
is my favourite
bag.
|
That
·
Used in defining relative clauses especially for things
and people.
·
Example : The man that sit beside you is my favourite
science teacher.
|
|
8)Interrogative
pronoun
- used to form question that require
‘nouns’ as the answers
Which
·
Used for person, nouns or things
· Example: Which is your cupcake?
|
What
·
Used for animals and things
·
Example: What kind of species is
your bird pet?
|
Whose
·
To show possession (for person)
·
Example: Whose car is this?
|
Whom
·
Used for person
·
Object(him,her)
·
Whom do you want to meet?
|
Who
·
Used for person
·
Subject(he,she)
·
Example: Who is your partner?
|
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Here are some quiz for you
1. This is my spoon. The spoon is (mine , yours)
2. This is our tree. The tree is (yours , ours )
3. He was tired out but he forced .................. to go on.
4. Put it down in front of..............................
5. We built most of the house ....................
6. That,s a very easy job. (Anybody , Somebody ) can do it.
7. Has everybody collected........................ luggage.
8. If anybody wants to know, tell................. to phone this number.
9. Tell everyone I'll wait for ..........................here.
10. Its too late. We can't do anything to help.
For more exercise .... CLICK HERE
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